{"id":6018,"date":"2025-07-26T14:51:07","date_gmt":"2025-07-26T09:21:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/?p=6018"},"modified":"2025-09-13T15:17:32","modified_gmt":"2025-09-13T09:47:32","slug":"selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/","title":{"rendered":"Selenium Exception Handling Guide: Fix the 5 Most Common Errors"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;\" class=\"sharethis-inline-share-buttons\" ><\/div><!--[if lt IE 9]><script>document.createElement('audio');<\/script><![endif]-->\n<audio class=\"wp-audio-shortcode\" id=\"audio-6018-1\" preload=\"none\" style=\"width: 100%;\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"audio\/mpeg\" src=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Selenium-Exception-Handling-Guide.mp3?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Selenium-Exception-Handling-Guide.mp3\">https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Selenium-Exception-Handling-Guide.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<h3><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Introduction<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Frustrated with Selenium tests failing due to unexpected errors?<\/p>\n<p>Whether you&#8217;re new to automation or scaling a mature test suite, understanding how to handle exceptions in Selenium is crucial. These aren\u2019t just error messages \u2014 they\u2019re signals that your test code and application aren\u2019t in sync.<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/addressing-selenium-automation-challenges-5-practical-solutions\/\">Selenium automation<\/a>, writing test scripts is not just about using locators and performing actions. One of the key aspects of building a reliable and maintainable test framework is understanding how to handle <\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">exceptions<\/span><\/b><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> effectively.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>At Testleaf, we train hundreds of testers who often run into issues like NoSuchElementException or TimeoutException.<\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">In this blog, we will discuss the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Top 5 Selenium Exceptions<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/why-selenium-testing-remains-the-top-choice-for-automation-testers\/\">every automation tester must know<\/a>. For each exception, we\u2019ll cover the cause, the context in which it occurs, and how to handle or prevent it in a real-time project.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_NoSuchElementException\"><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">1. NoSuchElementException<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/#1_NoSuchElementException\" >1. NoSuchElementException<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/#2_ElementNotInteractableException\" >2. ElementNotInteractableException<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/#3_StaleElementReferenceException\" >3. StaleElementReferenceException<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/#4_TimeoutException\" >4. TimeoutException<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/#5_WebDriverException\" >5. WebDriverException<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/#FAQs\" >FAQs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What is it?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This exception occurs when Selenium tries to locate an element using a specified locator, but the element is not present in the DOM at that point.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Common Causes<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Incorrect locator (e.g., outdated ID, XPath)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Element takes time to load<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"11\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Element is inside a different frame or window<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Code Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<blockquote><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">WebElement loginButton = driver.findElement(By.id(&#8220;login&#8221;));<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">loginButton.click();<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If the element with <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">id=&#8221;login&#8221;<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> doesn&#8217;t exist, Selenium throws <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">NoSuchElementException<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">How to Fix<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Always validate the locator using browser developer tools<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Use explicit waits like <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">WebDriverWait<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"12\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If the element is inside a frame or new window, switch to it before locating the element<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><strong> Popular Articles<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/2025-top-automation-testing-infosys-interview-questions-with-expert-answers-from-testleaf-for-2-to-5-years-experience\/\">infosys interview questions for automation testing<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_ElementNotInteractableException\"><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">2. ElementNotInteractableException<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What is it?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This exception indicates that the element is in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Document_Object_Model\">DOM<\/a>, but Selenium cannot interact with it. This usually happens if the element is invisible, disabled, or overlapped by another element.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Common Causes<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The element is hidden or covered<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The element is not yet ready for interaction<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"13\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The element is disabled or not focusable<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/playwright.html\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5709 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Playwright-online-class.png\" alt=\"Playwright automation testing\" width=\"2048\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Playwright-online-class.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Playwright-online-class-300x75.png 300w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Playwright-online-class-1024x256.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Playwright-online-class-768x192.png 768w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Playwright-online-class-1536x384.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Playwright-online-class-150x38.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Code Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<blockquote><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">driver.findElement(By.id(&#8220;submit&#8221;)).click();<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If the submit button is hidden or disabled, Selenium throws <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ElementNotInteractableException<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">How to Fix<\/span><\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Use <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> to ensure the element is ready<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Scroll into view using JavaScript executor if the element is out of view<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"14\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Use <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.isDisplayed()<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> and <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.isEnabled()<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> methods for validation before action<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_StaleElementReferenceException\"><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">3. StaleElementReferenceException<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What is it?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This exception occurs when the element you are interacting with is no longer part of the current DOM. This often happens after a page refresh or dynamic content update.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Common Causes<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The DOM has changed after the element was located<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"15\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Page navigation, refresh, or AJAX call restructured the DOM<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Code Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<blockquote><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">WebElement header = driver.findElement(By.id(&#8220;header&#8221;));<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\/\/ DOM updates here<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">header.click(); \/\/ May throw StaleElementReferenceException<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">How to Fix<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Re-locate the element before each interaction if the DOM changes frequently<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Avoid storing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/web-elements-in-selenium-webdriver\/\">WebElement<\/a> references long-term<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"16\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Use <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">ExpectedConditions.stalenessOf()<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> to wait until the DOM stabilizes<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6022\" src=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Top-5selenium-Exceptions.gif\" alt=\"Top 5 Selenium Exceptions\" width=\"1200\" height=\"630\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_TimeoutException\"><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">4. TimeoutException<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What is it?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This exception is thrown when a command (typically a wait condition) exceeds the specified timeout duration without success.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Common Causes<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Element or condition did not meet the expectation within the wait time<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Slow network or backend response<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"17\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Incorrect locator used in the condition<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Code Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<blockquote><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id(&#8220;email&#8221;)));<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">If the element doesn\u2019t appear within 10 seconds, <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">TimeoutException<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> is thrown.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">How to Fix<\/span><\/b><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"18\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Adjust the wait time based on application performance<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"18\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Use <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">FluentWait<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> with polling and exception ignoring for advanced control<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"18\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Validate that your locator is correct before applying the wait<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\"><strong> Recommended for You<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-interview-questions\/\">Top 20 Selenium interview questions<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_WebDriverException\"><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">5. WebDriverException<\/span><\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">What is it?<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">This is a general exception in Selenium that covers a wide range of failures related to the WebDriver itself.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Common Causes<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Driver or browser crash<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Incompatible driver-browser version<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Browser window closed or session expired<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"19\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Network or OS-level issues<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/selenium-automation-certification-training-course.html\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5159 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Selenium.jpg\" alt=\"Selenium training in chennai\" width=\"2048\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Selenium.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Selenium-300x75.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Selenium-1024x256.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Selenium-768x192.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Selenium-1536x384.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Selenium-150x38.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Code Example<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<blockquote><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">driver.quit();<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">driver.get(&#8220;https:\/\/example.com&#8221;); \/\/ Throws WebDriverException<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240,&quot;469777462&quot;:[916,1832,2748,3664,4580,5496,6412,7328,8244,9160,10076,10992,11908,12824,13740,14656],&quot;469777927&quot;:[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],&quot;469777928&quot;:[1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1]}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Trying to use the WebDriver after the session is closed results in this exception.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<h5><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">How to Fix<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Ensure the driver version matches your browser version<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Manage the WebDriver <a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/devops-lifecycle-5-different-phases-of-devops\/\">lifecycle<\/a> properly (don\u2019t interact after <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">quit()<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> or <\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">close()<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Wrap critical sections with proper error handling and reporting<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"20\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Restart sessions if required based on test flow<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Conclusion<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Handling exceptions is a core responsibility of an automation tester. It\u2019s not enough to make tests pass under ideal conditions\u2014you must design them to be stable even when things go wrong.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Each of the exceptions we\u2019ve discussed serves as an indicator of a deeper issue\u2014whether it&#8217;s a synchronization problem, a change in the application, or a failure in how we locate elements. The key is to anticipate these issues and structure your scripts accordingly.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Remember:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Use <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/how-to-use-auto-wait-and-explicit-wait-in-playwright-beginners-guide\/\"><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">explicit waits<\/span><\/b><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> over thread sleeps<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Always validate locators with developer tools<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Keep your WebDriver, browser, and dependencies updated<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"21\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Handle exceptions gracefully with meaningful logs and screenshots<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">By mastering these exceptions, you not only improve test reliability but also demonstrate a deeper understanding of real-world <a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/addressing-selenium-automation-challenges-5-practical-solutions\/\">automation challenges<\/a>\u2014something every project and employer values.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:true,&quot;134233118&quot;:true,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>At Testleaf, we emphasize exception handling as a core skill\u2014because robust <a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/selenium-automation-certification-training-course.html\"><strong>Software testing with Selenium<\/strong><\/a> leads to confident releases. Start small, improve your locators and waits, and soon, exceptions will be your best debugging allies.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span><strong>FAQs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><strong>What is the most common exception in Selenium?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>NoSuchElementException \u2014 it occurs when the element isn&#8217;t found with the given locator.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>How do I avoid StaleElementReferenceException?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Re-locate the element before using it, especially after page updates.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Should I use try-catch around every Selenium action?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>No. Use waits and smart locators. Only catch known failure points you want to recover from.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>Can I catch multiple Selenium exceptions together?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Yes, but it&#8217;s best to handle each specific one with a relevant recovery strategy.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>What are the best practices to reduce exceptions in Selenium?<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Use explicit waits, validate locators regularly, avoid hardcoded sleeps, and keep the framework updated.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><strong>We Also Provide Training In:<\/strong><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/selenium-automation-certification-training-course.html\"><strong>Advanced Selenium Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/playwright.html\"><strong>Playwright Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/genai-qa-engineers-training-course.html\"><strong>Gen AI Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/aws-cloud-architect-certification-training-course.html\"><strong>AWS Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/rest-api-testing-certification-training-course.html\"><strong>REST API Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/full-stack-developer-certification-training-course.html\"><strong>Full Stack Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/appium-mobile-automation-certification-training-course.html\"><strong>Appium Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/dev-ops-master-certification-training-course.html\"><strong>DevOps Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/course\/apache-jmeter-testing-training-course.html\"><strong>JMeter Performance Training<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6><strong>Author\u2019s Bio<\/strong>:<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5813 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Dilip.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Dilip.png 250w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Dilip-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Dilip-96x96.png 96w\" alt=\"Dilip\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" \/><\/p>\n<p>As a Senior SDET, I\u2019m passionate about advancing the field of test automation by equipping teams with real-time solutions and high-impact frameworks. With over 8 years of experience in software testing and development, I specialize in building scalable automation platforms that ensure quality at speed. I\u2019m committed to mentoring aspiring engineers and driving innovation through continuous learning and technical excellence. Let\u2019s shape the future of quality engineering\u2014together.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dilipkumar Rajendran<\/strong><br \/>\nSenior SDET | Playwright &amp; Selenium Expert<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/dilip-kumar-v-r-633308150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/linkedin.png\" alt=\"LinkedIn Logo\" width=\"28\" height=\"28\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction\u00a0 Frustrated with Selenium tests failing due to unexpected errors? Whether you&#8217;re new to automation or scaling a mature test suite, understanding how to handle exceptions in Selenium is crucial. These aren\u2019t just error messages \u2014 they\u2019re signals that your test code and application aren\u2019t in sync. In Selenium automation, writing test scripts is not &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/selenium-exception-handling-guide-fix-the-5-most-common-errors\/\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Selenium Exception Handling Guide: Fix the 5 Most Common Errors<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6023,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[778,70,29,91],"class_list":["post-6018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-selenium","tag-exception-handling","tag-learn-selenium","tag-selenium","tag-selenium-testing"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6018"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6018\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6036,"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6018\/revisions\/6036"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6023"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.testleaf.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}